ABSTRACT Classical swine fever (CSF), or hog cholera, is a highly contagious multisystemic viral disease that is notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) because of the threat of its transboundary spread. It exclusively affects domestic and wild swine, with heterogeneous clinical and lesional signs, depending on host, virus and environmental factors, which complicate its epidemiological behavior. The prolonged endemism of the disease in Cuba and the systematic application of a live vaccine, modified from the Chinese Strain (produced by LABIOFAM), have led to positive selection processes on the circulating strains, which explain their classification in a new genotype 1.4 and the appearance of moderate to low virulence strains, which have aggravated the clinical suspicion of the cases. In addition, there is the presence of persistently infected pigs (pre- and postnatally), which do not respond to vaccination and constantly shed virus into the environment. In this scenario, the serological profile of pig populations from technified and semi-technified farms, with different productive system (closed and open cycle, and both combined), systematically subjected to vaccination was characterized in one province. Antibody detection against CSFV was carried out by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay) (ELISA CSFV Ab Test IDEXX 99-43220). There was a low level of population immunity in the territory with only 52.4 % of positive animals out of 7502 pigs tested. Pigs for reproductive replacement in genetic farms showed the highest percentage (79.27 %), even with respect to their progenitors. Fattener groups showed a lower frequency of positive animals compared to breeders, and in general, it was higher in technified farms (57.97 %) compared to semi-technified farms (45.1 %). Closed cycle farms showed a lower frequency of positive animals (48.2 %) compared to open and combined cycle farms. Pigs under semi-technified production conditions showed only 42.66 % of positive animals and there were differences depending on the farms of origin. These results may be associated both to the presence of unprotected animals due to vaccine failure at vaccination (33 ±3 days of age) in the presence of high maternal antibody titers, and to a high percentage of pre- or postnatally infected pigs that are immunotolerant and do not respond to the vaccine. These conditions favor CSF endemism in that territory and require the review of the strategies used to control the disease. An analysis of these results 10 years after this research was carried out is highlighted.

RESUMEN La peste porcina clásica (PPC), o cólera porcino, es una enfermedad viral multisistémica, altamente contagiosa y de notificación obligatoria a la Organización Mundial de la Salud Animal (OMSA) por la amenaza de su diseminación transfronteriza. Afecta exclusivamente a los suidos domésticos y salvajes, con signos clínicos y lesionales heterogéneos, dependientes de factores del huésped, el virus y el ambiente, que complican su comportamiento epidemiológico. El endemismo prolongado de la enfermedad en Cuba y la sistemática aplicación de la vacunación con una vacuna viva, modificada de la Cepa China (producida por LABIOFAM), han propiciado procesos de selección positiva sobre las cepas circulantes, que explican su clasificación en un nuevo genotipo 1.4 y la aparición de cepas de moderada a baja virulencia, que han complicado la sospecha clínica de los casos; además de la presencia de cerdos persistentemente infectados (pre y posnatalmente), que no responden a la vacunación y eliminan constantemente virus al ambiente. En este escenario, en una provincia de Cuba se caracterizó el perfil serológico de poblaciones de cerdos de granjas tecnificadas y semitecnificadas sometidas sistemáticamente a la vacunación con la vacuna viva modificada de la Cepa China de producción nacional. La detección de anticuerpos contra el virus de PPC se realizó mediante la técnica ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Inmunoabsorbent Assay) (ELISA CSFV Ab Test IDEXX 99-43220). Se constató un bajo nivel de inmunidad poblacional en el territorio con solo 52,4 % de animales positivos de los 7502 cerdos investigados. Los cerdos para reemplazo reproductivo en las granjas genéticas mostraron el mayor porcentaje (79,27 %), incluso respecto a sus progenitores. Las cebas mostraron menor frecuencia de animales positivos respecto a los reproductores, y en general fue mayor en granjas tecnificadas (57,97 %) respecto a semitecnificadas (45,1 %). Las granjas de ciclo cerrado mostraron menor frecuencia de positivos (48,2 %) respecto a las de ciclo abierto y combinado. Los cerdos en convenios productivos semitecnificados mostraron solo 42,66 % de animales positivos y hubo diferencias en dependencia de las granjas de origen. Estos resultados pueden estar asociados tanto a la presencia de animales desprotegidos por fallos vacunales a la vacunación (33 ±3 días de edad) ante la presencia de altos títulos de anticuerpos maternales, como a un alto porcentaje de cerdos infectados pre o posnatalmente que son inmunotolerantes y no responden al inmunógeno, condiciones que favorecen el endemismo de la PPC en ese territorio y requieren la revisión de las estrategias empleadas para el control de la enfermedad. Se resalta la importancia del análisis de estos resultados a 10 años de realizada esta investigación.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a epidemiologia da presença de ácaros hematófagos em granjas de postura no estado de Minas Gerais. Foi utilizado um banco de dados secundário, com informações de 402 galpões de 42 propriedades comerciais. As variáveis utilizadas para compor o modelo de correspondência foram selecionadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado (P≤0,05). Foi construído um índice para a presença de ácaros hematófagos, considerando alguns fatores de risco. Além disso, um estudo da análise espacial foi realizado para avaliar a presença de ácaros hematófagos em Minas Gerais. Observou-se a presença de ácaros hematófagos em 48% dos galpões, sendo a de O. sylviarum de 45,5%, O. bursa de 17,4% e D. gallinae de 2,7%. Houve associação entre o índice de risco com os intervalos de remoção de fezes e com a presença ou a ausência de aves sinantrópicas. Verificou-se que granjas mais tecnificadas não utilizam acaricida em seus galpões. A presença de ácaros hematófagos foi observada na mesorregião Sul/Sudoeste de Minas Gerais e entre as mesorregiões Oeste de Minas e Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Esses resultados fornecem conhecimento sobre a epidemiologia desses ectoparasitos e podem contribuir na tomada de decisões, reduzindo os riscos de possíveis infestações em aves de postura.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology of the presence of hematophagous mites in posture farms in the state of Minas Gerais. Was used a secondary database with information from 402 chicken houses in 42 commercial properties. The variables used to compose the correspondence model were selected through chi-square tests (P≤0.05). A risk index was built to the presence of hematophagous mites considering some risk factors. Additionally, a study of the spatial analysis was done to evaluate the presence of hematophagous mites in Minas Gerais. Was observed the presence of hematophagous mites in 48% of chicken houses, the presence of O. sylviarum was 45.5%, O. bursa 17.4% and D. gallinae 2.7%. There was an association between the risk index with the intervals for the removal of manure and the presence or absence of synanthropic birds. It was verified that more technified farms do not use acaricide in their chicken houses. The presence of hematophagous mites was observed in the Messoregions South/Southwest of Minas Gerais and between the West and Metropolitan Mesoregion of Belo Horizonte. These results provide knowledge about the epidemiology of these ectoparasites and may contribute to decision making by reducing the risks of possible infestations in poultry.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar as principais causas de morte de suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação no Sul do Brasil. Durante o período de um ano (entre 2018 e 2019), duas granjas tecnificadas de suínos no Sul do Brasil foram acompanhadas nas quatro estações (12 dias por estação em cada granja), para realização de necropsias dos suínos que morreram nesse período. As duas propriedades apresentavam mortalidade mensal média entre 0,94 e 3,93% nos meses avaliados. Na necropsia, amostras de órgãos foram colhidas, fixadas em formol 10% e processadas rotineiramente para o exame histopatológico. Quando necessário, amostras foram enviadas para o cultivo bacteriano e PCR para identificação de agentes etiológicos. Foram realizadas um total de 601 necropsias, com 94,9% de diagnósticos conclusivos. As doenças infecciosas corresponderam a 64,4% dos diagnósticos conclusivos e as não infecciosas a 35,6%. As principais causas de morte foram: pneumonias (33%), úlcera gástrica (15,4%), circovirose (9,9%), embolia bacteriana sistêmica (5,4%), polisserosite (4,4%), cardiomiopatia dilatada e torção de órgãos abdominais (4,3% cada) e pericardite bacteriana (3,4%). Com relação às pneumonias (199/601), os principais agentes associadas as lesões foram Pasteurella multocida, vírus da Influenza A e Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, principalmente associados entre si.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the main causes of death in growing-finishing pigs in southern Brazil. During a one-year period (from 2018 to 2019), two industrial pig herds (18 and 20 thousand pigs each farm) in southern Brazil were monitored along the four seasons of the year (12 days per season on each farm), in order to perform necropsies of all pigs that died in that period. The two farms had an average monthly mortality rate ranging from 0.94 to 3.93% in the evaluated months. At necropsy, tissues were collected, fixed in 10% formalin solution and processed routinely for histopathological examination. When necessary, samples were sent for bacterial culture and PCR to identify etiologic agents. A total of 601 necropsies were performed, with 94.9% of conclusive diagnoses. Infectious diseases corresponded to 64.4% of conclusive diagnosis and non-infectious diseases to 35.6%. The most prevalent causes of death were: pneumonia (33%), gastric ulcers (15.4%), circovirosis (9.9%), systemic bacterial embolism (5.4%), polyserositis (4.4%), dilated cardiomyopathy and torsion of abdominal organs (4.3% each), and bacterial pericarditis (3.4%). Regarding pneumonias (199/601), the main agents identified in these cases were Pasteurella multocida, Influenza A virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, mainly in associations.

Abstract Introduction: The present study aims to measure the magnitude of the impact in terms of product, income and employment, induced by investment in a technified farm for the production of pigs in the state of Baja California and thereby identify the most relevant economic branches that transfer that impact. Method: A regionalized input-output matrix was used for the state of Baja California and updated for the base year 2013. This instrument allows to measure the magnitude of the forces of integration and sectorial interdependence and show how the purchases of a certain sector generate a flow of transactions in other sectors within and outside the region. Results: It was found that the total initial investment of 13.6 million pesos would show a multiplier effect of 1.34 times on the regional product, would have an impact on the income of 18.2 million pesos and a generation of 26 jobs at this stage and an impact on the income of 2.3 million of pesos. The evidence showed that the start-up of a farm of this type will require an annual operating expense of 9.3 million pesos with a multiplier effect of 1.76 times the annual expenditure and an impact on the product of 17.9 million pesos, a creation of 32 total employment and an additional income of 3.3 million pesos. The multipliers of greater relevance for the product, employment and income are coincident, come from the economic branches of agriculture in terms of fodder and cereals, livestock, animal feed, slaughter, cutting and packing of meat, the leather tanning industry, the same swine production, the auto transport of cargo, trade and food preparation services. Conclusions: If the Porcine Production Farm Unit were installed, it would show a relevant interdependence with the agricultural, livestock, construction and food industry sectors. The multipliers estimated through Input-Output Matrix suggest that the development of pig farming must be accompanied by an integral agri-food policy that takes into account the synergic effect of those that most affect the economic growth of the pig meat production chain. The evidence generated in this study is a contribution to the process of formulating agricultural growth and development policies that seek the detection and promotion of intersectorial linkages in a given territorial space.

Resumen Introducción: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo medir la magnitud del impacto en cuanto a producto, ingreso y empleo, inducido por la inversión en una granja tecnificada para la producción de cerdos en el estado de Baja California y con ello identificar las ramas económicas más relevantes que transfieren dicho impacto. Método: Se utilizó una matriz de insumo-producto regionalizada para el estado de Baja California y actualizada para el año base 2013. Este instrumento permite medir la magnitud de las fuerzas de integración e interdependencia sectorial y mostrar cómo las compras de determinado sector generan un flujo de transacciones en otros sectores dentro y fuera de la región. Resultados: Se encontró que la inversión fija inicial de 13.6 millones de pesos mostraría un efecto multiplicador de 1.34 veces sobre el producto regional, provocando un impacto de 18.2 millones de pesos, una generación de 26 empleos en esta etapa y un impacto sobre el ingreso de 2.3 millones de pesos. La evidencia mostró que la puesta en marcha de una explotación de este tipo requerirá un gasto operativo anual de 9.3 millones de pesos y el efecto multiplicador sería 1.93 veces el gasto anual, el efecto sobre el producto se estima en 17.9 millones de pesos, una capacidad de generar 32 empleos totales y un ingreso adicional de 3.3 millones de pesos. Los multiplicadores de mayor relevancia para el producto, empleo e ingreso son coincidentes, provienen de las ramas económicas de agricultura en cuanto a forrajes y cereales, ganadería, alimentos para animales, matanza, corte y empacado de carnes, la industria del curtido de pieles, la porcicultura misma, el autotransporte de carga, comercio y servicios de preparación de alimentos. Conclusiones: De instalarse la Unidad de Producción Porcina, ésta mostraría una interdependencia relevante con los sectores agrícola, ganadero, de la construcción y la industria alimentaria. Los multiplicadores estimados mediante la Matriz de Insumo-Producto sugieren que el desarrollo de la porcicultura debe estar acompañado de una política agroalimentaria integral que tome en cuenta el efecto sinérgico de los que más inciden en el crecimiento económico de la cadena productiva de la carne de cerdo. La evidencia generada en este estudio es una contribución al proceso de formulación de políticas de crecimiento y desarrollo agropecuario que buscan la detección y fomento de encadenamientos intersectoriales en un espacio territorial determinado.

Abstract The generation of energy based on fossil fuels, as well as the methane (CH4) generated in livestock activity cause severe damage to the environment. The use of pig manure to generate renewable energy and revert contamination problems is a viable alternative for the Chiapas pig farms to be more competitive. A total of 39 technified pig farms distributed in 14 municipalities in the state of Chiapas were identified and with the methodologies of Chen, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was estimated the potential of biogas, electric power and reduction of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq). On the other hand, a financial evaluation was carried out for the biodigestor-motogenerator system with the Baca methodology on investment projects for two proposed sizes, of 500 and 1000 pigs; Financial indicators such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Benefit-Cost (B/C) for the two sizes evaluated were economically profitable.

Resumen La generación de energía a base de combustibles fósiles, así como el metano (CH4) generado en la actividad pecuaria ocasionan severos daños al ambiente. El aprovechamiento de estiércol de cerdo para generar energía renovable y revertir problemas de contaminación es una alternativa viable para que granjas porcícolas de Chiapas sean más competitivas. Se identificaron 39 granjas tecnificadas distribuidas en 14 municipios en el estado y con las metodologías de Chen, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) y United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) se estimó el potencial de biogás, energía eléctrica y reducción de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2eq). Por otra parte se realizó una evaluación financiera para sistema biodigestor-motogenerador con la metodología de Baca sobre proyectos de inversión para dos tamaños propuestos, de 500 y 1,000 cerdos; los indicadores financieros como Valor Actual Neto (VAN), Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) y Beneficio-Costo (B/C) para los dos tamaños evaluados resultaron económicamente rentables.

The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pigs from technologically advanced and nontechnical farms in Lima, Peru and to identify factors associated with the transmission. Epidemiological surveys were applied on farms to identify potential factors associated with the transmission of T. gondii in pigs. Blood samples were collected in the slaughterhouse from pigs in the finishing phase: 264 from technologically advanced farms and 143 from nontechnical farms. Serum samples were analyzed for the diagnosis of swine toxoplasmosis by the indirect ELISA technique. The association between seroprevalence of T. gondii and variables sex, origin, animal density, water source, housing, presence of cats and rodent control were analyzed using multiple models of logistic regression. The seroprevalence of T. gondii in pigs from technologically advanced and nontechnical farms was 4.5 and 33.6% respectively. Factors associated with the transmission of T. gondii in pigs were the origin (OR: 10.61), water source (OR: 6.44), type of housing [mixed (OR: 6.14) and free range (OR: 13.59)], presence of felines [1- 3 (OR: 5.29) and >3 (OR: 16.02)], and rodent control (OR: 7.81).

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia de Toxoplasma gondii en cerdos procedentes de siete granjas tecnificadas y 10 granjas no tecnificadas de Lima, Perú, e identificar los factores asociados a su transmisión. Se aplicaron encuestas epidemiológicas en las granjas para identificar los factores potenciales asociados a la transmisión de T. gondii. Las muestras de sangre fueron colectadas en la fase de acabado en el camal, donde 264 eran procedentes de granjas tecnificadas y 143 de crianzas no tecnificadas. Las muestras de suero fueron analizadas para el diagnóstico de toxoplasmosis mediante la técnica de ELISA indirecta, considerando como positivos porcentajes de positividad cocientes mayores o iguales a 20%. La asociación entre la seroprevalencia a T. gondii y las variables sexo, procedencia, densidad animal, fuente de agua, tipo de alojamiento, presencia de felinos y control de roedores fue analizada mediante múltiples modelos de regresión logística. La seroprevalencia de T. gondii en cerdos de granjas tecnificadas y no tecnificadas fue de 4.5 y 33.6%, respectivamente. Los factores asociados a la transmision de T. gondii en porcinos fueron la procedencia (OR: 10.61), fuente de agua de cisterna (OR: 6.44), tipo de alojamiento [mixto (OR: 6.14) y no estabulado (OR: 13.59)], presencia de felinos [1-3 (OR: 5.29) y >3 (OR: 16.02)] y el control de roedores (OR: 7.81).

La influenza porcina es una enfermedad endémica presente en las granjas porcícolas de Colombia, que puede generar un impacto negativo en la salud pública y en la industria porcina. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue establecer la asociación entre la sero reactividad y las características de los sistemas productivos de las granjas porcinas. Para el logro de este objetivo se realizó una regresión logística multivariada para establecer si existía asociación entre las variables, utilizando las que tuvieron significación estadística a la Prueba de X2. Así mismo el modelo se corrió paso a paso de forma bivariada y multivariada. La validación del modelo por medio de la revisión de estadísticos para comprobar el ajuste y discriminación del mismo. Dentro de los resultados encontramos que las granjas de ciclo completo presentan un OR de 1,36 y las granjas de ceba un OR de 1,079, adicionalmente las granjas con una mayor cantidad de cerdas de cría obtuvieron un OR de 1,82; en cuanto a las categorías etarias los animales de precebo (OR 6,58), hembras de cero partos (OR 5,08) y cerdos en engorde (OR 4,95) presentaron la mayor probabilidad de ser seropositivos al VIP. Factores relacionados con la bioseguridad externa e interna, el control serológico de cerdos en etapa de precebo y de hembras de reemplazo antes de su ingreso a la granja, son aspectos que deben ser considerados en los programas de manejo sanitario para el control de las infecciones causadas por VIP.

Swine influenza is an endemic disease in pig farms in Colombia, which can have a negative impact on public health and the pork industry. The main objective of this study was to establish the association between seroreactivity and characteristics of production systems of pig farms. Multivariate logistic regression was done to prove whether there was an association between the variables, we picked out the variables that had statistically significant at the X2 test. Also, the model working systematically from bivariate and multivariate analysis. The model validation was check the fit and discrimination thereof. The results showed that the full cycle farm have an OR of 1.36 and fattening farm an OR of 1.079, likewise on post-weaning stage (OR 6.58), zero female births (OR 5.08) and fattening (OR 4.95) more likely to be seropositive SIV, likewise, farms with a greater number of breeding sows have an OR of 1.82. We were identified factors related to external and internal biosecurity and serological testing of pigs on post-weaning stage and replacement sows before admission to the farm or the new shed, points that should be considered in health management programs for control of infections caused by SIV.

A gripe suína é uma doença endêmica em explorações de suínos na Colô mbia, que podem ter um impacto negativo sobre a saúde pública ea indústria de carne de porco. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a associaçã o entre sororreatividade e as características dos sistemas de produçã o de explorações de suínos. regressã o logística multivariada foi feito para provar se houve uma associaçã o entre as variáveis, nós escolhemos as variáveis que tiveram estatisticamente significativa no teste de X2. Além disso, o modelo de trabalho sistemático de análise bivariada e multivariada. A validaçã o do modelo foi verificar o ajuste e a discriminaçã o dos mesmos. Os resultados mostraram que a fazenda ciclo completo tem um OR de 1,36 e exploraçã o de engorda um OR de 1.079, da mesma forma fase pós-desmame (OR 6,58), zero nascimentos do sexo feminino (OR 5,08) e engorda (OR 4,95) mais propensos a ser VIS soropositivos, da mesma forma, as explorações com um maior número de porcas reprodutoras têm um OR de 1,82. Fomos fatores relacionados à biossegurança externa e interna e testes serológicos de suínos em fase de substituiçã o e porcas após o desmame antes da admissã o para a fazenda ou o novo galpã o, pontos que devem ser considerados em programas de gestã o de saúde para o controle de infecções causadas por VIS identificados

The aim of the current study was to estimate the frequency of pigs from technologically advanced farms positive to toxoplasmosis and to evaluate the association between positive reaction and sex of the animal. Blood samples were collected in 240 animals in a slaughterhouse in Lima, Peru. Samples were analyzed by the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The frequency of pigs positive to toxoplasmosis was 21.7%. Sex as possible risk factor showed an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.24 with confidence intervals of 0.88-3.06. It was concluded that there is an important frequency of positive pigs to toxoplasmosis and that sex has no influence in the presentation of this disease

El objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la frecuencia de cerdos provenientes de crianza tecnificada reactores a toxoplasmosis y la posible asociación del sexo con la positividad a la toxoplasmosis. Se tomaron 240 muestras de sangre de cerdos provenientes de granjas tecnificadas en un camal ubicado en la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Las muestras fueron analizadas mediante el método de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI). La frecuencia de cerdos positivos a toxoplasmosis fue de 21.7%. La evaluación del sexo como posible factor de riesgo arrojó un Odds Ratio (OR) de 1.24 con intervalo de confianza de 0.88-3.06. Se concluye que hay una frecuencia importante de cerdos provenientes de granjas tecnificadas positivos a toxoplasmosis y que el sexo no influye en la presencia de esta enfermedad

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of pigs in a slaughterhouse with antibodies anti-Toxoplasma gondii from non-technical pig farms in Lima, Peru, and to assess the sex as a risk factor. Blood samples (n=240) were collected in a slaughterhouse in Lima (120 samples per sex) and the sera were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT). The frequency of pigs with antibodies anti-T. gondii was 26.3%, with a confidence interval of 95% from 20.7 to 31.8%. In the analysis by sex, 26.3% of females and 30.8% of males were reactors to T. gondii. In the odds ratio test, the possible association of sex as a risk factor showed a non-significant value of 1.61

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar en un camal la frecuencia de cerdos con anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii procedentes de crianzas no tecnificadas y evaluar la variable sexo como factor de riesgo. Se tomaron 240 muestras de sangre de cerdos de un camal de Lima (120 muestras por sexo) y los sueros se evaluaron mediante inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI). La frecuencia de cerdos con anticuerpos anti-T. gondii obtenida fue de 26.3%, con intervalo de confianza de 95% entre 20.7 y 31.8%. En el análisis por sexo, el 21.7 de hembras y el 30.8% de machos fueron reactores a T. gondii. En la prueba del Odds Ratio, la posible asociación del sexo como factor de riesgo obtuvo un valor 1.61, sin significancia estadística

Objetivo. Determinar la presencia y el tipo de endoparásitos con potencial zoonótico en porcinos y humanos de dos granjas tecnificadas y dos semi-tecnificadas del departamento de Cundinamarca-Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron tres muestreos seriados de materia fecal con intervalos de 15 días, en dos granjas tecnificadas (92 muestras) y dos semi-tecnificadas (60 muestras) en diferentes grupos etarios distribuidos así: Hembras de cría, hembras de reemplazo, reproductores, lechones, pre-cebo y ceba. Se recibieron 33 muestras de hombres y mujeres de diferentes edades, que mediante consentimiento informado asintieron participar en el estudio. Las muestras de materia fecal colectivas e individuales (de humanos y de cerdos) fueron evaluadas mediante: Análisis directo, técnica de flotación cualitativa, técnica de sedimentación cualitativa y tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen modificado. Resultados. En promedio para la población porcina, los resultados obtenidos de las dos granjas tecnificadas mostraron que los parásitos en común son Balantidium coli (42%), Endolimax nana (21.9%) y Iodamoeba bütschlii (7.8%). En las dos granjas semi-tecnificadas: Entamoeba coli (40%), Endolimax nana (35%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (25%) y Balantidium coli (5%). Por medio de la prueba chi² se puede concluir que hay una diferencia significativa entre la especie de parásitos y el tipo de granja. Los resultados obtenidos en humanos mostraron la presencia de parásitos como: E. coli (42.2%), Entamoeba hystolitica/dispar (12.1%), E. nana (9.1%), B. coli (9.1%), I. bütschlii (3.0%) y Blastocystis hominis (3.0%). Conclusiones. La presencia de parásitos como Balantidium coli, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba bütschlii y Entamoeba coli en cerdos y humanos sugiere una posible rotación de especies parásitas entre los hospedadores.

Objective. Determine the presence and the type of endoparasites with zoonotic potential in swine and human of two technified and two semi-technified farms in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Materials and methods. Three serial samplings of feces were taken in a pen row within intervals of 15 days, in two technified and two semi-technified farms in different age groups distributed as follows: pregnant-sows, nursing-females, boars, weaners, suckling-piglets, and growing-pig. By means of informed consent thirty-three people agreed to enter the study. Thirty-three samples from men and women of different ages were received. The pool and individual samples of fecal were evaluated by direct analysis, qualitative flotation and sedimentation techniques and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Results. For the porcine population, on the average, the results obtained from both technified farms showed that Balantidium coli (42%), Endolimax nana (21.9%) and Iodamoeba bütschlii (7.8%) were the most common parasites. In semi-technified farms they were: Entamoeba coli (40%), Endolimax nana (35%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (25%) and Balantidium coli (5%). By means of the test chi² it is possible to conclude that there is a significant difference between the parasites species and the type of farm. The results obtained in human showed the presence of parasites as: E. coli (42.2%), Entamoeba hystolitica/dispar (12.1%), E. nana (9.1%), B. coli (9.1%), I. bütschlii (3.0%) and Blastocystis hominis (3.0%). Conclusions. The presence of parasites such as Balantidium coli, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba bütschlii and Entamoeba coli in swine and human suggests a possible rotation of parasitic species between hosts.

Antibodies against Parainfluenza 3 (PI3) virus were determined in pigs from commercial (n= 192) and backyard farms (n=192). Blood samples were collected at the slaughter house from pigs of 2 to 6 months of age of any sex for detecting antibodies against the PI3 virus by viral neutralization test. The 5.5 ± 2.3% (21/384) of the pigs had antibodies against PI3 virus, where 5.2 ± 1.1% (10/192) and 5.7 ± 1.2% (11/192) were from commercial and backyard farms respectively. The antibody titres ranged from 4 to 64 and were detected in pigs older than 3 months of age. The results shows the presence of PI3 in the pig population.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la Parainfluenza 3 (VPI3) en porcinos beneficiados en la ciudad de Lima. Se colectaron muestras de sangre de cerdos de ambos sexos y de 2 a 6 meses de edad, provenientes de granjas tecnificadas (n=192) y de crianza de traspatio (n= 192) para la detección de anticuerpos contra el VPI3 mediante la técnica de neutralización viral. El 5.5 ± 2.3% (21/384) de las muestras tuvieron anticuerpos contra el VPI3, donde el 5.2 ± 1.1% (10/192) y el 5.7 ± 1.2% (11/192) correspondió a animales de crianza tecnificada y de traspatio, respectivamente. Los títulos de anticuerpos tuvieron un rango de 4 a 64 y fueron detectados en animales mayores de 3 meses de edad. Los resultados indican la presencia del VPI3 en la población de cerdos.

Small-scale family swine production can be seen in thousands of small communities and suburban zones; it is characterized by breeding rural pigs in rustic facilities with basic feed and productive parameters, well below those of technologically advanced farms, with mortality reaching up to 50% of the litter. This type of production involves a large number of producers and has a critical impact on family income. At slaughter, these carcasses have a high probability of being seized because of the presence of cysticercoids (T. solium), losing a high percentage of its economic value; due to absence of slaughterhouses in rural communities, this meat is directed to consumption without health inspection, increasing the risk of transmission of this zoonosis. This paper describes the productive and reproductive characteristics of the backyard production system of pigs in a rural community. Human to pig ratio was 3:1. During the year, 308 piglets were born in 43 litters, 51.7% males and 48.3% females, with an average weight of 40.47 kg at 6 months and 65.30 kg at 10 months. They were slaughtered at 7.3 months on average. The highest death rate was found between 0 and 1 month of age. In many rural communities of Mexico pigs are fed with waste generated in homes, helping maintain the communities clean, as well as with the excreta of other species that usually roam freely, situation that can promote dissemination of parasitic diseases.

La porcicultura familiar es una forma de producción que existe en miles de pequeñas comunidades y zonas conurbadas, caracterizada por la crianza de razas criollas en instalaciones rústicas, con alimentación básica y parámetros productivos inferiores a los de las granjas tecnificadas y una mortalidad hasta de 50% de la camada. Este tipo de producción involucra gran número de productores e impacta críticamente en el ingreso familiar. Al sacrificio, estas canales tienen una alta probabilidad de decomiso por la presencia de cisticercosis (T. solium), por lo que pierden un alto porcentaje de su valor económico; debido a la ausencia de rastros en comunidades rurales, esta carne se destina al consumo directo, sin inspección sanitaria, incrementando los riesgos de transmisión de esta zoonosis. En este trabajo se describen las características productivas y reproductivas del sistema de producción de cerdos en traspatio en una comunidad rural. La razón humano-cerdo fue de 3:1, durante el año se obtuvieron 43 camadas, con 308 lechones nacidos vivos, 51.7% machos y 48.3% hembras, con un peso promedio de 40.47 kg a los 6 meses y 65.30 kg a los 10 meses, siendo sacrificados a los 7.3 meses en promedio, los animales que tienen entre 0 y 1 mes de edad presentan la tasa más alta de mortalidad sin que sean sacrificados. En muchas comunidades rurales de México, se alimentan con desperdicios que se generan en las casas, así como las excretas de otras especies que por lo regular deambulan libremente, situación que puede generar enfermedades parasitarias.

The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of rotavirus and its association with the occurrence of diarrhea in piglets reared in two intensive pig farms in Lima valley, Peru. The presence of rotavirus was determined by the identification of the viral genome using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in diarrheic (n=69) and non-diarrheic (n=73) fecal samples from 1 to 4 week-old piglets. The case-control epidemiological design was used to establish the association between the occurrence of diarrhea and the presence of rotavirus in feces, using a multiple logistic regression (type of feces, age, and origin). The frequency of porcine rotavirus group A in diarrheic stool samples from pig farm 1 was 41.4% ྫྷ/29) and from pig farm 2 was 16.6% Ɣ/24), and one positive was found in non diarrheic stool from each pig farm. The presence of porcine rotavirus versus occurrence of diarrhea, adjusted to potential confusing variables (age and origin) resulted in an Odds Ratio of 12.6 with a confidence interval between 2.7 and 59.3%. Additionally, two segments of RNA from the genome of porcine Picobirnavirus were found. It is concluded that the presence of porcine rotavirus represents a risk factor for the presentation of diarrhea in newborn piglets from intensive pig farms in Lima.

El objetivo del estudio fue cuantificar la frecuencia del rotavirus y su asociación con la presentación de diarrea en lechones de dos granjas tecnificadas en la zona de Lima. El rotavirus fue identificado mediante la detección del genoma viral por electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE) en muestras de heces diarreicas (n=69) y no diarreicas (n=73) de lechones de 1 a 4 semanas de edad. Se empleó el diseño epidemiológico caso-control no pareado para establecer la asociación entre presentación de diarrea y presencia de rotavirus en heces, a través de una prueba de regresión logística múltiple (tipo de heces, procedencia, edad). La frecuencia de rotavirus porcino grupo A en heces diarreicas de la granja 1 fue de 41.4% ྫྷ/29) y en la granja 2 de 16.6% Ɣ/24), y en heces no diarreicas se detectó una muestra positiva en cada granja. La presencia de rotavirus porcino versus la ocurrencia de diarrea, ajustada a potenciales variables confundentes (edad y procedencia) presentó un Odds Ratio de 12.6 con un IC del 95% entre 2.7 y 59.3%, indicando que la presencia de rotavirus porcino representa un factor de riesgo para la ocurrencia de diarrea en lechones neonatos de granjas tecnificadas de la zona de Lima. Adicionalmente, se hallaron dos segmentos de ARN pertenecientes al genoma del Picobirnavirus porcino.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar a influência do manejo higiênico-sanitário nos níveis de infecção por parasitos gastrintestinais em suínos de granjas tecnificadas e de subsistência abatidos na Região Metropolitana de Recife e Zona da Mata do Estado de Pernambuco. Para isso, o processo de abate de suínos em três abatedouros inscritos no sistema de inspeção estadual foi acompanhado durante o período de julho de 2008 a maio de 2009, num total de 447 suínos oriundos de 11 propriedades de municípios do Estado de Pernambuco, sendo oito granjas tecnificadas e três de subsistência. Amostras fecais foram coletadas da ampola retal no abatedouro e avaliadas pelos métodos de Gordon & Whitlock e Roberts & O´Sullivan. Realizou-se a aplicação de um questionário investigativo para conhecer a situação das granjas. Para o OPG a positividade foi de 2,7% (12/447), sendo 2,5% (11/447) para ovos tipo Strongyloidea e 0,2% (1/447) para Trichuris sp. Para a coprocultura, 5,5% (19/349) foram positivas para helmintos, sendo 2,9% (10/349) para Hyostrongylus sp., 0,3% (1/349) para Trichostrongylus sp., 2,0% (7/349) para Oesophagostomum spp. e infecção mista por Hyostrongylus sp. e Oesophagostomum spp. em 0,3% (1/349). Associação significativa (p < 0,05) com a ocorrência de helmintos foi obtida para as variáveis “gênero de helminto”, “alimentação”, “assistência veterinária”, “quarentena”, “comércio de animais vivos”, “anti-helmíntico”, “fonte de água”, “tratamento de água”, “qualidade de higiene das baias”, “limpeza das instalações” e “conhecimento de verminose e manchas leitosas”, com percentuais de positividade significativamente mais elevados entre os animais das granjas de subsistência.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of management systems at intensive high-tech farms and subsistence farms on the prevalence of swine gastrointestinal helminthes in metropolitan Recife and the coastal zone of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. For such, the slaughtering process at three slaughterhouses registered with the state inspection system was followed up between July 2008 to May 2009, totaling 447 pigs from 11 properties (8 high-tech farms and 3 subsistence farms). Fecal samples were collected and the parasitological examinations were carried out using the modified McMaster technique and coproculture for identification of larvae. A questionnaire was administered to determine the management condition of each farm. Strongyloidea eggs were present in 2.5% (11/447) of the pigs, and 0.2% (1/447) were positive for Trichuris sp. Coproculture revealed that 5.5% (19/349) were positive for helminthes, 2.9% (10/349) for Hyostrongylus sp., 0.3% (1/349) for Trichostrongylus sp., 2.0% (7/349) for Oesophagostomum sp., and 0.3% (1/349) with mixed infection by Hyostrongylus and Oesophagostomum sp. The occurrence of helminthes was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with helminth gender, feeding, veterinary care, quarantine, live animal trade, anti-helminth agents, water supply, water treatment, hygiene quality of stalls, dung removal frequency and knowledge regarding worms and milk spots. The percentages of positivity were significantly higher among animals on the subsistence farms.

Objetivou-se com este estudo calcular a prevalência e identificar os fatores de risco associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em suínos criados em granjas tecnificadas no Estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Para compor a amostra do estudo de prevalência foram utilizados 342 suínos, sendo 312 matrizes e 30 varrões, oriundos de sete granjas de ciclo completo e distribuídas em cinco municípios do Estado de Alagoas. O exame sorológico para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii foi realizado através da técnica de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI), utilizando-se anticorpos anti-IgG-suíno conjugado ao isotiocianato de fluoresceína. A análise dos fatores de risco foi realizada por meio da aplicação de questionários constituídos por perguntas objetivas referentes ao criador, às características gerais da propriedade, ao manejo produtivo, reprodutivo e sanitário. Determinou-se uma prevalência de 26,9% (92/342) de suínos soropositivos. O fator associado à infecção foi a introdução de reprodutores nas granjas nos últimos cinco anos (p=0,014; OR=1,83; IC=1,13-2,96). Concluiu-se que a infecção por Toxoplasma gondii encontra-se disseminada em suínos criados em granjas tecnificadas no Estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Recomenda-se o controle da população de gatos, a realização de práticas de limpeza e higienização das instalações e realização de testes laboratoriais para diagnóstico da infecção por T. gondii nos animais a serem introduzidos no plantel como medidas de redução dos índices de infecção na região estudada.

This study was aimed to determine the prevalence and to identify risk factors associated with infection by Toxoplasma gondii in pigs from commercial swine farms in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. To compose the sample size of prevalence 342 pigs were used, with 312 sows and 30 boars, from of seven swine farms and distributed in five districts of the state of Alagoas. The serological examination for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies was achieved by Indirect Immunofluorescence (IFAT), using anti-pig IgG-conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate. The analysis of risk factors were performed by the application of questionnaires consisting of objective questions relating to the designer, the general characteristics of the property, the production, reproductive and health management. The prevalence was of 26,9% (92/342) of seropositive pigs. The associated factor was the boars introduction on farms in the last five years (p=0,014; OR=1,83; CI=1,13-2,96). It is concluded that infection with Toxoplasma gondii is widespread in commercial pig farms in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. The results suggest the control of cat population, the performance of cleaning and sanitation practices and laboratory testing to detect of infection by T. gondii in animals to be placed on the farms as measures to reduce the infection rates on region studied.